Full Chapter Notes
Short Question
MCQ’s with Exercise
Class 12th Chemistry Chapter – “Aldehydes and Ketones” covers the structure, properties, and reactions of these important organic compounds. Here’s a brief overview:
Aldehydes
- Definition: Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. They are typically found at the end of carbon chains.
- General Formula: RCHO, where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- Properties: Aldehydes have distinct odors and are generally more polar than hydrocarbons, leading to higher boiling points compared to alkanes. They are soluble in water, especially lower molecular weight aldehydes.
- Reactions: Key reactions include oxidation (forming carboxylic acids), reduction (forming alcohols), and nucleophilic addition (reacting with Grignard reagents to form alcohols).
Ketones
- Definition: Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms. They are found within carbon chains.
- General Formula: RC(=O)R’, where R and R’ are alkyl or aryl groups.
- Properties: Ketones also have distinct odors and are polar, resulting in relatively higher boiling points compared to alkanes. They are generally soluble in water, particularly lower molecular weight ketones.
- Reactions: Common reactions include nucleophilic addition (similar to aldehydes), reduction to alcohols, and reactions with oximes and hydrazones.
Applications
- Aldehydes: Used in the production of resins, perfumes, and as preservatives in food and biological specimens.
- Ketones: Commonly used as solvents in the manufacturing of plastics, pharmaceuticals, and in the production of dyes and fragrances.
This chapter provides essential insights into the structure and chemistry of aldehydes and ketones, highlighting their significance in organic chemistry and various industrial applications.